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Adobe

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the software company, see Adobe Systems.

Renewal of the surface coating of an adobe wall in Chamisal, New Mexico

Adobe ( /əˈdoʊbi/, UK /əˈdoʊb/;^[1] Arabic: الطوبة) is a natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure), which the builders shape into bricks using frames and dry in the sun. Adobe buildings are similar to cob and mudbrick buildings. Adobe structures are extremely durable, and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world. In hot climates, compared with wooden buildings, adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to their greater thermal mass, but they are known to be particularly susceptible to earthquake damage.^[2]
Buildings made of sun-dried earth are common in the West Asia, North Africa, West Africa,^[3] South America, southwestern North America, Spain (usually in the Mudéjar style), Eastern Europe^[4] and East Anglia, particularly Norfolk, known as 'clay lump.^[5] Adobe had been in use by indigenous peoples of the Americas in the Southwestern United States, Mesoamerica, and the Andean region of South America for several thousand years, although often substantial amounts of stone are used in the walls of Pueblo buildings.^[6] (Also, the Pueblo people built their adobe structures with handfuls or basketfuls of adobe, until the Spanish introduced them to the making of bricks.) Adobe brickmaking was used in Spain already in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age, from the eighth century B.C. on.^[7] Its wide use can be attributed to its simplicity of design and make, and the economy of creating it.^[8]
A distinction is sometimes made between the smaller adobes, which are about the size of ordinary baked bricks, and the larger adobines, some of which may be one to two yards (1-2 m) long.

Contents  [hide]  1 Etymology 2 Composition 3 Adobe bricks 4 Thermal properties 5 Adobe wall construction 6 Adobe roof 6.1 Roof materials 6.2 Traditional adobe roof 6.3 Raising a traditional adobe roof 6.4 Attributes 7 Adobe around the world 8 See also 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Etymology

Church at San Pedro de Atacama, Chile

The word adobe /əˈdoʊbiː/ has existed for around 4,000 years, with little change in either pronunciation or meaning. The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian (c. 2000 BC) word dj-b-t "mud [i.e., sun-dried] brick." As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic (c. 600 BC), dj-b-t became tobe "[mud] brick." This evolved into Arabic al-tub (الطّوب al "the" + tub "brick") "[mud] brick," which was assimilated into Old Spanish as adobe [aˈdobe], still with the meaning "mud brick." English borrowed the word from Spanish in the early 18th century.

Adobe style in Santa Fe, New Mexico

In more modern English usage, the term "adobe" has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico. (Compare with stucco).

[edit] Composition

An adobe brick is a composite material made of clay mixed with water and an organic material such as straw or dung. The soil composition typically contains clay and sand. Straw is useful in binding the brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly.{{^[9] }} Dung offers the same advantage and is also added to repel insects.^{[citation needed]} The mixture is roughly half sand (50%), one-third clay (35%), and one-sixth straw (15%) by weight.

[edit] Adobe bricks

Adobe bricks near a construction site in Milyanfan, Kyrgyzstan

Bricks are made in an open frame, 25 cm (10 in) by 36 cm (14 in) being a reasonable size, but any convenient size is acceptable. The mixture is molded by the frame, and then the frame is removed quickly. After drying a few hours, the bricks are turned on edge to finish drying. Slow drying in shade reduces cracking.
The same mixture to make bricks, without the straw, is used for mortar and often for plaster on interior and exterior walls. Some ancient cultures used lime-based cement for the plaster to protect against rain damage.^{[citation needed]}
The brick’s thickness is preferred partially due to its thermal characteristics, and partially due to the stability of a thicker brick versus a more standard-sized brick. Depending on the form into which the mixture is pressed, adobe can encompass nearly any shape or size, provided drying time is even and the mixture includes reinforcement for larger bricks. Reinforcement can include manure, straw, cement, rebar or wooden posts. Experience has shown straw, cement, or manure added to a standard adobe mixture can all produce a stronger, more crack-resistant brick.^[10] A general testing is done on the soil content first. To do so, a sample of the soil is mixed into a clear container with some water, creating an almost completely saturated liquid. After it is sealed, the container is shaken vigorously for at least one minute. It is then allowed to sit on a flat surface for a day or so until the soil has settled into layers or remains in suspension. Heavier particles settle out first, so gravel will be on the bottom, sand above, silt above that and very fine clay and organic matter will stay in suspension for days. After the water has cleared, percentages of the various particles can be determined. Fifty to 60 percent sand and 35 to 40 percent clay will yield strong bricks. The New Mexico US Extension Service recommends a mix of not more than 1/3 clay, not less than 1/2 sand, and never more than 1/3 silt. The largest structure ever made from adobe (bricks) was the Bam Citadel, which suffered serious damage (up to 80%) by an earthquake on December 26, 2003. Other large adobe structures are the Huaca del Sol in Peru, with 100 million signed bricks, the ciudellas of Chan Chan and Tambo Colorado, both in Peru (in South America).

[edit] Thermal properties

An adobe wall can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction. In tropical and other climates typified by hot days and cool nights, the high thermal mass of adobe levels out the heat transfer through the wall to the living space. The massive walls require a large and relatively long input of heat from the sun (radiation) and from the surrounding air (convection) before they warm through to the interior and begin to transfer heat to the living space. After the sun sets and the temperature drops, the warm wall will then continue to transfer heat to the interior for several hours due to the time lag effect. Thus, a well-planned adobe wall of the appropriate thickness is very effective at controlling inside temperature through the wide daily fluctuations typical of desert climates, a factor which has contributed to its longevity as a building material. In addition, the exterior of an adobe wall can be covered with glass to increase heat collection. In a passive solar home, this is called a Trombe wall.

[edit] Adobe wall construction

The citadel of Bam, or Arg-é Bam, in Kerman province of Iran: The world's largest adobe structure, dating to at least 500 BC

When building an adobe structure, the ground should be compressed because the weight of adobe bricks is significantly greater than a frame house, and may cause cracking in the wall. The footing is dug and compressed once again. Footing depth depends on the region and its ground frost level. The footing and stem wall are commonly 24 and 14 inches, much larger than a frame house because of the weight of the walls. Adobe bricks are laid by course. Each course is laid the whole length of the wall, overlapping at the corners on a layer of adobe mortar. Adobe walls usually never rise above two stories because they are load bearing and have low structural strength. When placing window and door openings, a lintel is placed on top of the opening to support the bricks above. Within the last courses of brick, bond beams are laid across the top of the bricks to provide a horizontal bearing plate for the roof to distribute the weight more evenly along the wall. To protect the interior and exterior adobe wall, finishes can be applied, such as mud plaster, whitewash or stucco. These finishes protect the adobe wall from water damage, but need to be reapplied periodically, or the walls can be finished with other nontraditional plasters providing longer protection.

[edit] Adobe roof

The traditional adobe roof has been generally constructed using a mixture of soil/clay, water, sand, and other available organic materials. The mixture was then formed and pressed into wood forms, producing rows of dried earth bricks that would then be laid across a support structure of wood and plastered into place with more adobe. For a deeper understanding of adobe, one might examine a cob building. Cob, a close cousin to adobe, contains proportioned amounts of soil, clay, water, manure, and straw. This is blended, but not formed like adobe. Cob is spread and piled around a frame and allowed to air dry for several months before habitation. Adobe, then, can be described as dried bricks of cob, stacked and mortared together with more adobe mixture to create a thick wall and/or roof.

[edit] Roof materials

Depending on the materials available, a roof can be assembled using lengths of wood or metal to create a framework to begin layering adobe bricks. Depending on the thickness of the adobe bricks, the framework has been performed using a steel framing and a layering of a metal fencing or wiring over the framework to allow an even load as masses of adobe are spread across the metal fencing like cob and allowed to air dry accordingly. This method was demonstrated with an adobe blend heavily impregnated with cement to allow even drying and prevent major cracking.

[edit] Traditional adobe roof

More traditional adobe roofs were often flatter than the familiar steeped roof as the native climate yielded more sun and heat than mass amounts of snow or rain that would find use in precipitous roofs. Cement may be introduced to prevent moisture from penetrating the composite of mud and organic matter. Vigas are beams across the roof that support the roof.

[edit] Raising a traditional adobe roof

To raise a flattened adobe roof, beams of wood or metal should be assembled and span the extent of the building. The ends of the beams should then be fixed to the tops of the walls using the builder’s preferred choice of attachments. Taking into account the material from which the beams and walls are made, choosing the attachments may prove difficult. A combination of the bricks and adobe mortar that are laid across the beams creates an even load-bearing pressure that can last for many years depending on attrition.
Once the beams are laid across the building, it is then time to begin the placing of adobe bricks to create the roof. An adobe roof is often laid with bricks slightly larger in width to ensure a larger expanse is covered when placing the bricks onto the beams. This wider shape also provides the future homeowner with thermal protection enough to stabilize an even temperature throughout the year. Following each individual brick should be a layer of adobe mortar, recommended to be at least an inch thick to make certain there is ample strength between the brick’s edges and also to provide a relative moisture barrier during the seasons where the arid climate does produce rain.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Attributes

Depending on the materials, adobe roofs can be inherently fire-proof, which is a valuable attribute when the fireplace is kept lit during the cold nights. The construction of the chimney can also greatly influence the construction of the roof supports, creating an extra need for care in choosing the right materials. The builders can make an adobe chimney by stacking simple adobe bricks in a similar fashion as the surrounding walls.

[edit] Adobe around the world

• 

  Still in production today, Romania's Danube Delta
• 

  Mixing mud and straw in brick frames
• 

  Community effort
• 

  Adobe brick house under construction in Kyrgyzstan
• 

  House in Sa'dah, Yemen
• 

  Adobe brick house under construction in Romania
• 

  An adobe wall in Linxia City, Gansu, China
• 

  Poeh Museum tower, the tallest adobe structure in New Mexico, USA
• 

  Great Mosque of Djenné, famous building made from banco, a type of adobe

[edit] See also

• Cob (building)
• Compressed earth block
• Great Mosque of Djenné
• Hassan Fathy
• Mudbrick
• Rammed earth
• San Xavier del Bac
• Sod house
• Super Adobe
• Qalat (fortress)

[edit] References

1. ^ definition of adobe from Oxford Dictionaries Online. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
2. ^ Collyns, Dan (2009-08-15). "Peru rebuilds two years on from quake". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-24. Cases where adobe structures were widely damaged during earthquakes include the 1976 Guatemala earthquake and the 2003 Bam earthquake.
3. ^ Marchand, Trevor. The Masons of Djenne. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2009
4. ^ Museum of Lithuanian life Rumsiskes Lithuania (2011)
5. ^ www.eartha.org.uk . Retrieved 19-2-2011.
6. ^ Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 978-0-395-87274-1.
7. ^ de Chazelles-Gazzal, Claire-Anne (1997). Les maisons en terre de la Gaule méridionale. Montagnac, France: Éditions Monique Mergoil. pp. 49–57.
8. ^ Rose, William I.; Julian J. Bommer (2004). Natural hazards in El Salvador. Geological Society of America. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-8137-2375-4.
9. ^ Vargas, J.; J. Bariola, M. Blondet (1986). "Seismic Strength of Adobe Masonry". Materials and Structures 9: 253–256. doi:10.1007/BF02472107.
10. ^ Technical Information Online. "Mud Plasters and Renders - Technical Information Online - Practical Answers". Practicalaction.org. Retrieved 2010-11-09.

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mud buildings

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mudbricks

Look up adobe in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Building With Awareness A detailed how-to DVD video that shows adobe wall construction and their use as thermal mass walls
• Cal-Earth (The California Institute of Earth Art and Architecture) has developed a patented system called Superadobe, in which bags filled with stabilized earth are layered with strands of barbed wire to form a structure strong enough to withstand earthquakes, fire and flood.
• Earth Architecture - A website whose focus is contemporary issues in earth architecture.
• Earth Architecture and Conservation in East Anglia - British organisation that focuses on the proper maintenance and conservation of earth buildings in a region of the UK that has a long history of building with mud.
• Kerpic.org - A website on earthen architecture researches stabilized with gypsum.
• Kleiwerks - International organization recognized for their unique contribution to modern earthen and natural building techniques throughout the world, their focus is on education through hands on experience. Very experienced experts are contactable and there are regular demonstrations in the area.
• Valle de Sensaciones - Artistic construction with adobe, Experimental ground and theme park for creative living close to nature
• World Monuments Fund - Adobe Missions of New Mexico - Description of a project of the World Monuments Fund for the preservation of adobe churches in New Mexico, in the United States.
• Mud house - India's rural tradition

Adobe Systems Free Download

Adobe Systems

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Adobe Systems

Adobe Systems Incorporated (NASDAQ: ADBE) ( /əˈdoʊbiː/ ə-doh-bee) is an American computer software company founded in 1982 and headquartered in San Jose, California, United States. The company has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more-recent foray towards rich Internet application software development.
Adobe was founded in December 1982^[2] by John Warnock and Charles Geschke, who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language. In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers, which helped spark the desktop publishing revolution. The company name Adobe comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos, California, which ran behind the house of one of the company's founders.^[2] Adobe acquired its former competitor, Macromedia, in December 2005, which added newer software products and platforms such as Coldfusion, Dreamweaver, Flash and Flex to its product portfolio.
As of 2010, Adobe Systems has 9,117 employees,^[2] about 40% of whom work in San Jose. Adobe also has major development operations in Orlando, Seattle, San Francisco, Orem, Minneapolis, Waltham, San Luis Obispo in United States; Ottawa, Canada; Hamburg, Germany; Noida, Bengaluru, India; Bucharest, Romania; Beijing, China.

Contents  [hide]  1 History 1.1 Company events 2 Corporate leadership 3 Products 4 Financial information 4.1 Revenue 4.1.1 2000s 4.1.2 1990s 5 Awards 6 Criticism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

[edit] History

Adobe Systems headquarters in San Jose, California, U.S.

Adobe's first products after PostScript were digital fonts, which they released in a proprietary format called Type 1. Apple subsequently developed a competing standard, TrueType, which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the font's outlines, and licensed it to Microsoft. Adobe responded by publishing the Type 1 specification and releasing Adobe Type Manager, software that allowed WYSIWYG scaling of Type 1 fonts on screen, like TrueType, although without the precise pixel-level control. But these moves were too late to stop the rise of TrueType. Although Type 1 remained the standard in the graphics/publishing market, TrueType became the standard for business and the average Windows user. In 1996, Adobe and Microsoft announced the OpenType font format, and in 2003 Adobe completed converting its Type 1 font library to OpenType. Adobe's corporate logo was designed by Marva Warnock, wife of John Warnock, who is also a graphic designer.^[3]
In the mid-1980s, Adobe entered the consumer software market with Adobe Illustrator, a vector-based drawing program for the Apple Macintosh. Illustrator, which grew from the firm's in-house font-development software, helped popularize PostScript-enabled laser printers. Unlike MacDraw, then the standard Macintosh vector drawing program, Illustrator described shapes with more flexible Bézier curves, providing unprecedented accuracy. Font rendering in Illustrator, however, was left to the Macintosh's QuickDraw libraries and would not be superseded by a PostScript-like approach until Adobe released Adobe Type Manager.
In 1989, Adobe introduced what was to become its flagship product, a graphics editing program for the Macintosh called Photoshop. Stable and full-featured, Photoshop 1.0 was ably marketed by Adobe and soon dominated the market.^[4]
In 1993, Adobe introduced PDF, the Portable Document Format, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. PDF is now an International Standard: ISO 32000-1:2008. The technology is adopted worldwide as a common medium for electronic documents.
Arguably, one of Adobe's few missteps on the Macintosh platform was their failure to develop their own desktop publishing (DTP) program. Instead, Aldus with PageMaker in 1985 and Quark with QuarkXPress in 1987 gained early leads in the DTP market. Adobe was also slow to address the emerging Windows DTP market. However, Adobe made great strides in that market with the release of InDesign and its bundled Creative Suite offering. In a failure to predict the direction of computing, Adobe released a complete version of Illustrator for Steve Jobs' ill-fated NeXT system, but a poorly-produced version for Windows.
Despite these missteps, licensing fees from the PostScript interpreter allowed Adobe to outlast or acquire many of its rivals in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In December 1991, Adobe released Adobe Premiere, which Adobe rebranded to Adobe Premiere Pro in 2003. In 1994, Adobe acquired Aldus and added Adobe PageMaker and Adobe After Effects to its production line later in the year; it also controls the TIFF file format. In 1995, Adobe added Adobe FrameMaker, the long-document DTP application, to its production line after Adobe acquired Frame Technology Corp. In 1999, Adobe introduced Adobe InCopy as a direct competitor to QuarkCopyDesk.^[5]

[edit] Company events

In 1992, Adobe acquired OCR Systems, Inc.; in 1994, the company acquired Aldus Corporation. On May 30, 1997, Adobe reincorporated in Delaware by merging with and into Adobe Systems (Delaware), which was incorporated on May 9, 1997. Adobe Systems Incorporated (Delaware) was the surviving corporation and changed its name to Adobe Systems Incorporated concurrently with the merger.^[6]
The company acquired GoLive Systems, Inc. and released Adobe GoLive in 1999 and began shipping Adobe InDesign as a direct competitor to QuarkXPress and as an eventual replacement for PageMaker. In May 2003, Adobe acquired Syntrillium Software, adding Adobe Audition to its product line. In December 2004, French company OKYZ S.A., makers of 3D collaboration software, was acquired. This acquisition added 3D technology and expertise to the Adobe Intelligent Document Platform.
On December 12, 2005 Adobe acquired its main rival Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3.4 billion, adding Adobe ColdFusion, Adobe Contribute, Adobe Captivate, Adobe Acrobat Connect (formerly Macromedia Breeze), Adobe Director, Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Flash, FlashPaper, Adobe Flex, Macromedia FreeHand, Macromedia HomeSite, Macromedia JRun, Adobe Presenter, and Macromedia Authorware to Adobe's production line.^[7][8][9]
In January 2007, Adobe Photoshop Lightroom was released to assist photographers in managing digital images and post production work. The product was intended as a competitor to Apple's Aperture in the RAW image editing market. Adobe acquired Scene7 in May of the same year. The company makes an image processing and display platform used in many retail sites on the web. In July, Adobe released Soundbooth. This product was not intended to replace the existing Adobe Audition but merely to provide an environment for professionals not specializing in audio. On August 3, 2007, the company announced their plans to discontinue development of Authorware, the “visual authoring tool for creating rich-media e-learning applications for delivery on corporate networks, CD/DVD, and the Web.”^[10] Authorware was one of the development tools acquired in the Macromedia/Adobe merger. It was replaced by Adobe Captivate. In October, the company acquired Virtual Ubiquity, along with its online word processor, Buzzword. On November 12, 2007, CEO, Bruce Chizen resigned. Effective December 1, he was replaced by Shantanu Narayen, Adobe's current president and Chief Operating Officer. Bruce Chizen served out his term on Adobe's Board of Directors, and then continued in a strategic advisory role until the end of Adobe's 2008 fiscal year.
Adobe released Adobe Media Player in April 2008. On April 27, Adobe discontinued development and sales of its older HTML/web development software, GoLive in favor of Dreamweaver. Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for GoLive users and supports those who still use GoLive with online tutorials and migration assistance. On June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat.com, a series of web applications geared for collaborative work.^[11] Creative Suite 4, which includes Design, Web, Production Premium and Master Collection came out in October 2008 in six configurations at prices from about USD $1,700 to $2,500^[12] or by individual application.^[13] The Windows version of Photoshop includes 64-bit processing.^[13] On December 3, 2008, Adobe laid off 600 of its employees (8% of the worldwide staff) citing the weak economic environment.
Adobe announced two acquisitions in 2009: on August 29, they purchased Business Catalyst.,^[14] and on September 15, Adobe bought Omniture.^[15] On November 10, the company laid off 680 employees.^[16] In 2010, Adobe announced it was investigating a "coordinated attack" against corporate network systems in China, managed by the company.^[17] This same attack was also brought against Google and over 20 other companies. Adobe announced the new Creative Suite series (CS5) launched globally Monday, April 12, 2010. New software such as Flash Catalyst and Business Catalyst were also announced.
Adobe's 2010 was marked by continuing back-and-forth arguments with Apple over the latter's non-support for Adobe Flash on its iPhone, iPad and other products.^[18] Apple CEO Steve Jobs has claimed that Flash is not reliable or secure enough, while Adobe executives have argued that Apple wish to maintain control over the iOS platform.
In January 2011, Adobe acquired Demdex, Inc with the intent of adding Demdex's audience-optimization software to its online marketing suite.^[19]
At PhotoShop World 2011, Adobe unveiled a new mobile photo service. ^[20] Carousel is a new application for iPhone, iPad and Mac that uses Photoshop Lightroom technology for users to adjust and fine-tune images on all platforms. ^[20] Carousel will also allow users to automatically sync, share and browse photos. ^[20]
On November 9, 2011 Adobe confirmed that they had ceased development of Flash for mobile devices. Instead they will be focusing on HTML 5, due to it having wider support and greater capabilities than Flash.^[21]
On December 1, 2011, Adobe announced that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire privately held Efficient Frontier, a leader in multi-channel ad buying and optimization.^[22][23]

[edit] Corporate leadership

Executive Board[24]
Charles Geschke	Co-Chairman
John Warnock	Co-Chairman
Shantanu Narayen	President & Chief executive officer
Karen Cottle	Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Corporate Secretary
Mark Garrett	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Donna Morris	Senior Vice President, Human Resources
Kevin Lynch	Senior Vice President: Experience & Technology Group, Chief Technology Officer

[edit] Products

Main article: List of Adobe software

Desktop software

Adobe Photoshop, Adobe InDesign, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Fireworks, Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Audition

Server software

Adobe ColdFusion, Adobe Content Server and Adobe LiveCycle Enterprise Suite

Formats

Portable Document Format (PDF), PDF's predecessor PostScript, ActionScript, Shockwave Flash (SWF) and Flash Video (FLV)

Web-hosted services

Adobe Kuler, Photoshop Express, and Acrobat.com

Web design programs

Adobe Dreamweaver, Adobe Contribute, Adobe Flash Builder, Adobe Flash Catalyst and Adobe Flash

Video editing and visual effects

Adobe Premiere Pro and Adobe After Effects

eLearning software

Adobe Captivate

Organizational software

Adobe Extension Manager and Adobe Bridge

[edit] Financial information

Adobe Systems entered NASDAQ in 1986. Adobe's 2006 revenues were US$2.575 billion.^[25]
As of February 2007, Adobe's market capitalization was roughly US$23 billion; as of August 2007, its shares were trading on the NASDAQ for around $40, with a P/E ratio of about 49 and EPS of about $0.82.^[25]
As of March 2008, Adobe's market capitalization was roughly $18 billion; its shares were trading on the NASDAQ for around $33, with a P/E ratio of about 27 and EPS of about $1.21.^[25]
As of April 2011, Adobe's market capitalization was roughly $17 billion; its shares were trading on the NASDAQ for around $33, with a P/E ratio of about 19.73 and EPS of about $1.70.

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "2010 Form 10-K, Adobe Systems Incorporated". United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
2. ^ ^{a b c} "Adobe Fast Facts" (PDF). 2009-03-09. Retrieved 2009-04-04.
3. ^ "Adobe Logo: Design and History". Famouslogos.us. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
4. ^ Hormby, Thomas. "How Adobe's Photoshop Was Born". SiliconUser. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
5. ^ "About Adobe - Press Room - For Immediate Release". Adobe. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
6. ^ "Adobe Investor Relations FAQ". Adobe. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
7. ^ "Adobe to acquire Macromedia" (Press release). Adobe. 2005-04-18. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
8. ^ "Adobe to Acquire Macromedia" (Press release). Macromedia. 2005-04-18. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
9. ^ Graham, Jefferson (2005-04-18). "Adobe buys Macromedia in $3.4B deal". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
10. ^ "Authorware from Adobe : FAQ". Adobe. 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
11. ^ Larson, Erik (2008-06-01). "Welcome to Acrobat.com — Work. Together. Anywhere.". Adobe. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
12. ^ "Adobe launches Creative Suite 4; Likely to top low expectations". ZDNet (CBS). September 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
13. ^ ^{a b} Carlson, Jeff (September 23, 2008). "Adobe Announces Vast Creative Suite 4". TidBITS. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
14. ^ "Adobe acquires Business Catalyst". Adobe. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
15. ^ "Adobe to Acquire Omniture". Businesswire.com. 2009-09-15. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
16. ^ Morrison, Scott (2009-11-10). "Adobe Will Cut 680 Jobs to Reduce Costs". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
17. ^ "Adobe Targeted by Cyber Attack from China". DailyTech. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
18. ^ "Apple vs. Adobe". networkworld.com. 2010-06-07. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
19. ^ "Adobe Acquires Demdex – Brings Audience Optimization to $109 Billion Global Online Ad Market". Adobe. 2011-01-18. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Darrell Etherington, GigaOm. "Adobe tries mobile photos as a service with Carousel." September 7, 2011. Retrieved September 12, 2011.
21. ^ http://blogs.adobe.com/conversations/2011/11/flash-focus.html
22. ^ ["http://www.skoolboyz.in/2011/12/adobe-to-acquire-efficient-frontier.html" "Adobe to Acquire Efficient Frontier, Leading Digital Ad Buying and Optimization Platform"]. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
23. ^ "Adobe Buys Efficient Frontier to Boost Its Online Advertising Capabilities". Retrieved 1 December 2011.
24. ^ http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/pressroom/pdfs/fastfacts.pdf
25. ^ ^{a b c} "Adobe Systems Incorporated Company Profile". Google Finance.
26. ^ "Adobe Reports First Billion Dollar Quarter" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-29.
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